Shard
Shard | |
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by mushimallo
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Related to | Adonalsium, Investiture |
Universe | Cosmere |
- This page contains information for the Shards of Adonalsium. For information regarding the armaments used on Roshar, see Shardblade or Shardplate.
“The Shards are not God, but they are pieces of God. Ruin, Preservation, Autonomy, Cultivation, Devotion...There are sixteen of them. ”
The Shards of Adonalsium, or Shards for short, are sixteen pieces of the power of creation.[2] They are each named after a specific characteristic or ideal that represents the Shard's primary purpose or motivation. A person who has taken up the power of a Shard is the Vessel of that Shard.[3]
The Shards are the most powerful known entities in the cosmere, and for all intents and purposes, serve as the gods of the cosmere. Most if not all magic systems are related to them.
Introduction
“Ruin and Preservation inhabited power and energy in the same way a person inhabits flesh and blood. ”
Power
Each Shard is a piece of the power of creation with a specific motivation, such as to destroy or to preserve. Those fragments each began their existence with equal level of power; however, over time many have diminished, whether through conflict or by the act of Investing a world -- imbuing it with Investiture. Each Shard has its own Investiture; while a Shard can co-opt the Investiture of another Shard, that Investiture can become noticeably red.[5]
Investing in a world will produce numerous effects, most notably the creation of a magic system tied to the Shard. While a Shard doesn't have complete control over how the magic system functions or what it does, it can manipulate its mechanics to an extent.[2][6] Moreover, the presence of a Shard leads to the formation of a Perpendicularity, a well of the Shard's Investiture that pierces all three Realms, allowing for worldhopping.[7] The Shard's Investiture can also manifest directly in the world in other ways; examples of such manifestations are atium and lerasium on Scadrial, the Tears of Edgli on Nalthis, or the many spren of Roshar.
Vessel
To function properly, a Shard requires a Vessel -- a mind to control it, belonging to a sapient creature from the Physical Realm, such as a human.[8] One doesn't need to be able to use Investiture in order to become a Vessel, but the ability does help.[9] What becoming a Vessel requires above all is Connection to the Shard in question, whether forged artificially or driven by a natural inclination towards the Shard's intent.[3] Upon Ascension, a Vessel loses its connection to its former species -- for example, a human who Ascended is no longer considered human.[10] However, it is possible for Vessels to reproduce.[11]
The act of becoming a Vessel is called Ascension, and causes the Vessel's body to vaporize and mind to expand.[2] From then on, the Vessel and the Shard are intertwined; the Vessel gets to set some general course of how the Shard's power is defined, and feeds off the Shard's power to remain alive, but the Shard's power is the driving force between the two. Over centuries, the Vessel's mind begins to change to fit the Shard's intent more perfectly.[12][13][14] If the Vessel were to give up the Shard, the Shard's influence on their mind would fade over time.[15]
A Shard can be killed by Splintering it, breaking its power down further into smaller pieces, called splinters; the easiest way to achieve that is by killing the mind.[1] The actual death of a Vessel, however, can take up to hundreds of years.[16] If the Shard is taken up before the Vessel dies completely, splintering can be prevented;[1] if not, the power will become wild and dangerous.[17] A Shard without a Vessel will eventually gain sentience.[18] When a Vessel dies, the person's original body materializes and falls to the ground as a corpse.[19] However, it does not age rapidly, since Shardic immortality is different from other methods like atium compounding.[20]
It is possible for Vessels to be separated from their Shards without dying or Splintering the Shards they held.[21][22][23] If this happens, then after the Vessel's death, it is able to resist the pull into the Beyond.[24]
A mentally ill Vessel can affect the Shards intent.[25]
History
- For the histories of individual Shards, see their respective pages.
“I have delved and searched, and have only been able to come up with a single name: Adonalsium. Who, or what, it was, I do not yet know. ”
It is unknown what precisely Adonalsium was, though it has been referred to numerous times as the power of creation, suggesting it to be the progenitor god of the cosmere. At some point in the distant past, on the planet of Yolen, sixteen people conspired to kill it, and succeeded in an event known as the Shattering of Adonalsium.[1] Some of those people were romantically involved; others were related to each other.[27][28] All of them were mortal at some point.[29]
Following the Shattering, the power that comprised Adonalsium broke into sixteen pieces, each polarized to one particular aspect of it, such as Ruin or Endowment. Those pieces, each equal in power,[30] became known as the Shards. The sixteen killers of Adonalsium each took up one of the Shards, Ascending and becoming the first Vessels.[1] Following their Ascension, each of the Vessels departed Yolen. Some settled on various planets, henceforth dubbed Shardworlds; others set no roots.[31] At this time they all had an equal amount of power.[30]
Originally, the Shards made an agreement not to interfere with each other,[32] but they did not make a formal oath[33] and many of the Shards chose not to keep to the agreement.[32] Additionally, Honor felt he did not break the agreement by traveling with Cultivation,[34] suggesting the wording of the agreement may not have been as precise as Shards like Endowment thought.
Over the millennia, several Shards have passed away, one way or another. The most common cause of death for them were actions of one specific Shard, Odium, who went on a killing spree, splintering Ambition, Devotion, Dominion and Honor before eventually being trapped in the Rosharan system by the remnants of the latter.[35] The death of Preservation's Vessel, Leras, led to the power being passed between several hands before it was eventually combined with Ruin to form Harmony.[36][37] By contrast, Autonomy spread, creating avatars to inhabit numerous Shardworlds, including Obrodai and First of the Sun.[38]
At least one of the Vessels regrets taking up a Shard, though which one that would be is unknown.[39] There are living descendants of some of them still alive.[29] At least one Shard other than Odium has been forced to leave their Shardworld after its destruction.[40]
Known Shards
Shard | Vessel | World | Books | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Devotion | Aona (deceased) | Sel | Elantris | [41][42][43][44] |
Dominion | Skai (deceased) | Sel | Elantris | [45][43][44] |
Preservation | Sazed (formerly Leras, Kelsier, and Vin) | Scadrial | Mistborn (series) | [46][44] |
Ruin | Sazed (formerly Ati) | Scadrial | Mistborn (series) | [46][44] |
Odium | Taravangian (formerly Rayse) | Braize | The Stormlight Archive | [47][44] |
Cultivation | Koravellium Avast | Roshar | The Stormlight Archive | [48][44][49] |
Honor | Tanavast (deceased) | Roshar | The Stormlight Archive | [50][44] |
Endowment | Edgli | Nalthis | Warbreaker | [51][44] |
Autonomy | Bavadin | Taldain | White Sand, Sixth of the Dusk | [46][44] |
Ambition | Uli Da (deceased) | Threnody | Shadows for Silence in the Forests of Hell | [52][53][54] |
Invention | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | [55] |
Mercy | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | [56] |
Valor | Unknown Female | Unknown | Unknown | [56] |
Whimsy | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | [56] |
While most Shardworlds have only one Shard, Sel and Scadrial are both dishardic, hosting two Shards each.[17][57] Roshar, on the other hand, is the only known example of a world influenced by three Shards.[35]
Several of the known Shards are dead in the current time, with Ambition, Honor, Devotion and Dominion all being splintered.[35] Ruin and Preservation, on the other hand, have blended together into Harmony, albeit they remain somewhat separate within this unified construct.[58]
Unnamed Shards
“Some men, as they age, grow wiser. I am not one of those, for wisdom and I have always been at cross-purposes, and I have yet to learn the tongue in which she speaks. ”
There remain two Shards that have not been named, nor referred to explicitly in text.
One of these two Shards has an intent similar to Wisdom or Prudence.[61][62] Hoid and this Shard seem to be antagonistic towards each other,[59][60] though this appears to be a common thread in his relations with the original Vessels.[63][64][65] There is a Shard that "just wants to hide and survive,"[66] though it has realized over time that that may not be the most desirable course of action; it is implied that this may be the "wisdom" Shard.[61][62]
At one point, there was an unknown Shard that does not inhabit a planet.[31] Since then, however, the Shards Ambition, Invention, Mercy, Valor, and Whimsy have been revealed; it is unclear if any of them are this Shard. Similarly, at one point there was at least one unknown Shard that had been Splintered by Odium,[67] though the Splintered Shard Ambition has been revealed since then.
In addition to these unknown Shards, Harmony believes there are Shards that are hidden to him that are encroaching on Scadrial.[68] This likely refers to the entity Trell, which is associated with one of the nine Shards that were known when trellium first appeared,[69][70] likely Autonomy.[71]
Powers and Abilities
“The power of ancient Adonalsium permeates him. And controls him. Odium is a force like pressure, gravitation, or the movement of time. These things cannot break their own rules. Nor can he. ”
Shards possess incredible power -- a single Shard can easily move entire planets and alter people down to the genetic level.[73] They exist in all three Realms, but unlike other living beings, the vast majority of their power is concentrated in the Cognitive and Spiritual. Shards do not appear in the Cognitive Realm like other entities (such as a bead on Roshar).[74] Time matters little to Shards, and they can bend and stretch it as they wish.[75]
As Investiture never truly goes away, a Shard has access to a functionally-endless supply of it; however, there is a finite amount that a Vessel can command at any one time. This means that while all Investiture in the cosmere is assigned to one Shard or another, a Shard cannot truly command all of it at once.[76] As such, while powerful, Shards are not omniscient, omnipresent, or omnipotent.
A Shard's power can be temporarily diminished, either by assigning it to living creatures (such as people or spren), or sending it back to the Spiritual Realm (e.g. burning atium). Moreover, Shards are, as powers, bound to follow higher rules; a deal, once made by a Shard, cannot be broken, and they must absolutely obey the rules that govern them.[72]
Each Shard appears particularly predisposed toward acting in line with their intent; for example, Preservation finds it nearly impossible to destroy, while it's extremely easy for Ruin to do so.[77] This is partially influenced by the personality change brought about by the Shard.[78] However, whether intentions provide Shards with actual unique powers is unknown.
Individual Powers
Movement
Shards are capable of appearing in various parts of their own Invested worlds instantaneously.[36] They can also travel to other planets by willing themselves to do so.[79][80] However, when a Shard Invests its power in a world, it's bound to it and will have difficulty leaving the system it's in.[81] Shards can also trap each other in systems, though the precise mechanics of that are unknown.[82]
Communication
Shards have several ways of communicating with people. Some Shards can speak directly into the minds of others, while others can listen.[83] A Shard can also communicate with a person directly through dreams or visions, and even take on a physical form -- a puppet of sorts, serving as a Physical outlet for communication.[82][84] While the use of visions and speaking directly into a mind are limited to a single person, a puppet can be seen by many people.[85]
A Shard can also communicate directly with Cognitive Shadows, and is capable of bilocation -- being present in several places at once -- within its sphere of influence.[86]
Creating Sapience
Shards can use their power to create complex constructs, capable of continuing their function past the Shard's death. Examples of such constructs are the snapping mists of Preservation,[87] and the vision journal of Honor.[88] Shards can also create sapient beings from their power -- this is most commonly seen on Roshar, with its overabundance of spren. Many of them, like the Stormfather, Nightwatcher, and honorspren were created by local Shards.[89][84]
Shards can also create avatars, personas that can act independently of them.[90] Avatars can be of any gender, race, and species, regardless of the original Vessel creating them, and can be formed at a considerable distance from the main body of the Shard, with many different avatars able to exist on a single Shardworld.[91][92][91] Though a Shard can create them directly, avatars can also form without a conscious decision on the Shard's part, though the Shard is still aware of what is happening.[90] When created directly, however, they can be instilled with specific traits.[93] Some avatars are self-aware, while others are not, although the parent Shard will always be aware. Though some would call these avatars Splinters, it is not clear whether they truly fit the definition.[94][95]
Avatars are, in a way, considered to be Shards in their own right.[96] Known ones include Patji and the Sand Lord, both of Autonomy.[97][98] It is difficult but possible for someone to become a Vessel of an avatar.[94]
Shardic power is also directly related to sentience and sapience. The close presence of a particular Shard, such as Cultivation, can lead to some beings developing higher levels of sapience.[99] Shardic power can also grant sentience directly -- Scadrians are sapient due to Preservation's power within them, and Nightblood's sapience is partially derived from his large quantity of Breaths. Splinters can also become sapient.[100] Even the raw power of a Shard, if left alone and without a Vessel, will eventually begin to form a rudimentary mind.[17]
Magic Generation
When a Shard Invests a world, it will begin to fuel the local magic system. Each Shard can do this differently, though much of the system is dictated by the planet itself. Because of this connection to the magic, a Shard is able to directly interact with its users and provide Investiture when necessary, without the need for intermediaries.[2]
While not all magic systems in the cosmere are directly tied to a Shard, Shardic presence greatly influences the shape a magic system takes. On a Shardworld, magic forms as a result of the interactions between a Shard's power, Realmatics, the world's natural inclinations and, in some cases, even genetics.[2] For this reason, the exact function magic performs will not always be related to the Shard's nature -- for example, Surgebinding, despite being powered by Honor, is capable of manipulating Division, which controls separating things. However, how the magic is obtained is tied to the Shard.[101] Hemalurgy demands that a person be destroyed, in line with the intent of Ruin, while Surgebinding demands forging bonds.
Futuresight
“It's as if the future is a shattering window. The further you look, the more pieces that window breaks into. The near future can be anticipated, but the distant future… I can only guess. ”
Shards can perceive the future, although it can be difficult for them. Some are better at it than others, with Cultivation and Preservation in particular being noted as particularly excelling.[88][102] Like all seers, Shards utilize Fortune to see ahead; and, like all seers, they can be wrong about both what they see and how they interpret it.[103] Shardic power can also be utilized by others to perceive the future as they do: examples of this are atium, as well as the visions of the Returned.[104]
A Shard's intent may be tied to its proficiency with futuresight. Preservation, as a Shard dedicated to keeping things existing, and Cultivation, a Shard dedicated to growing something in a desired form, would hold a natural interest in predicting what the future will hold which may make them more proficient with this ability. By contrast, a Shard like Ruin, which is interested only in destroying things, and Honor, about holding to one's oaths no matter what, would not have "seeing ahead" as part of their nature.
Forms and Subdivisions
“I'm still a spren. I’m a little piece of God. ”
The raw Investiture of a Shard can take distinct forms and states. As a solid, the Investiture is metallic, and is thus sometimes referred to as a god metal. Examples of god metals are atium, lerasium, raysium, and the alloy of Honor and Cultivation that forms Shardblades. God metals typically have properties within the Metallic Arts, regardless of what Shard they're aligned with.[2]
Shardic power is the most potent as a liquid.[2] It typically coalesces in one place on a planet, forming a perpendicularity. A perpendicularity represents a tremendous amount of power, enough so to pierce all three Realms, allowing people to slide between them.[106] Examples of such perpendicularities are the Well of Ascension, the Pits of Hathsin, or the Lake.
As a gas, the Shardic power can take on a number of different functions. Examples of Investiture in gaseous forms include Breath, Stormlight, and Preservation's mists. All can serve as fuel for magic. In both Awakening and Surgebinding, gaseous Investiture is, in fact, the primary source of magic, but even in systems that use other substances, like Allomancy, gaseous Investiture can serve the same purpose.[2]
Slivers
A Sliver is a person who has held the power of a Shard, and then released it.[107] This "stretches" a person's spiritweb, noticeably altering them. There is some grey area as to how much power one needs to have to be considered a Sliver; however, a person who directly handled Shardic power is the most straightforward example. The Lord Ruler and Kelsier would both be considered Slivers, while Elantrians and Returned would not.[108]
Splinters
A Splinter is a fragment of a Shard's power, similar to how a Shard is a fragment of Adonalsium's power. Unlike Slivers of Cognitive Shadows, Splinters don't generally have a Physical component.[109] They often have a mind of their own, separate and distinct from that of their parent Shard.[110] They can form in two distinct ways: either by the Shard being splintered (killed), or by the Shard directly splitting off splinters of itself.[111][89]
Splinters can be comprised of the Investiture of one or more Shards.[112] Examples of splinters include the divine Breath of the Returned,[113] Aons within seons, and spren.[114] It is possible to create a new Shard from splinters of multiple other Shards, though it is much more difficult than it sounds.[115]
Champion
It is possible for a Shard to name a "champion" when making a deal with another Shard. Honor encouraged Dalinar Kholin to try to get Odium to agree to a contest of champions;[88] Odium eventually agreed and attempted to name Dalinar as his champion, though Dalinar declined.[7] The Heralds are similar to champions[116] and Shards outside of the Rosharan system have also had champions.[117]
See Also
Notes
- ↑ a b c d e Mistborn: Secret History part 3 chapter 2#
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Hero of Ages Q&A - Time Waster's Guide
— Arcanum - 2008-10-15# - ↑ a b Mistborn: Secret History part 5 chapter 2#
- ↑ The Hero of Ages chapter 14 epigraph#
- ↑ Oathbringer San Francisco signing
— Arcanum - 2017-11-15# - ↑ General Twitter 2011
— Arcanum - 2011-11-14# - ↑ a b Oathbringer chapter 119#
- ↑ Bands of Mourning release party
— Arcanum - 2016-01-25# - ↑ /r/fantasy AMA 2013
— Arcanum - 2013-04-15# - ↑ Kraków signing
— Arcanum - 2017-03-21# - ↑ Shadows of Self Chicago signing
— Arcanum - 2015-10-12# - ↑ The Hero of Ages Annotations
— Arcanum - 2010-01-26# - ↑ Alloy of Law 17th Shard Q&A
— Arcanum - 2011-11-05# - ↑ The Way of Kings chapter 18 epigraph#
- ↑ Steelheart Chicago signing
— Arcanum - 2013-10-05# - ↑ Oathbringer release party
— Arcanum - 2017-11-13# - ↑ a b c Arcanum Unbounded - The Selish System#
- ↑ Words of Radiance San Diego signing
— Arcanum - 2014-03-04# - ↑ The Hero of Ages chapter 56 epigraph#
- ↑ Stormlight Three Update #5
— Arcanum - 2016-11-21# - ↑ Firefight Chicago signing
— Arcanum - 2015-02-20# - ↑ Calamity Chicago signing
— Arcanum - 2016-02-22# - ↑ YouTube Livestream 20
— Arcanum - 2020-10-15# - ↑ Mistborn: Secret History part 6 chapter 8#
- ↑ ICon 2019
— Arcanum - 2019-10-17# - ↑ The Hero of Ages chapter 39 epigraph#
- ↑ Firefight Seattle UBooks signing
— Arcanum - 2015-01-06# - ↑ Rithmatist Albuquerque signing
— Arcanum - 2013-05-22# - ↑ a b Starsight Release Party
— Arcanum - 2019-11-26# - ↑ a b Starsight Release Party
— Arcanum - 2019-11-26# - ↑ a b Words of Radiance Los Angeles signing
— Arcanum - 2014-03-05# - ↑ a b Oathbringer chapter 39 epigraph#
- ↑ Tel Aviv Signing
— Arcanum - 2019-10-18# - ↑ Legion Release Party
— Arcanum - 2018-09-19# - ↑ a b c Arcanum Unbounded - The Rosharan System#
- ↑ a b The Hero of Ages chapter 76#
- ↑ Mistborn: Secret History part 6 chapter 4#
- ↑ Skyward Pre-Release AMA
— Arcanum - 2018-10-27# - ↑ Skyward Seattle signing
— Arcanum - 2018-11-10# - ↑ Bonn Signing
— Arcanum - 2019-05-15# - ↑ General Twitter 2015
— Arcanum - 2015-02-19# - ↑ A Memory of Light Signing Milford
— Arcanum - 2013-02-16# - ↑ a b The Way of Kings chapter 22 epigraph#
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Barnes and Noble Book Club Q&A
— Arcanum - 2009-07-08# - ↑ Alloy of Law Seattle Signing
— Arcanum - 2011-11-11# - ↑ a b c Hero of Ages Q&A - Time Waster's Guide
— Arcanum - 2008-10-15# - ↑ Oslo signing, 2011
— Arcanum - 2011-05-30# - ↑ 17th Shard Interview
— Arcanum - 2010-10-03# - ↑ Alethi Glyphs Page 2.jpg
- ↑ General Twitter 2011
— Arcanum - 2011-03-21# - ↑ Barnes and Noble Book Club Q&A
— Arcanum - 2009-07-08# - ↑ Arcanum Unbounded - The Threnodite System#
- ↑ Oathbringer chapter 40 epigraph#
- ↑ Oathbringer Houston signing
— Arcanum - 2017-11-18# - ↑ Rhythm of War chapter 24 epigraph#
- ↑ a b c Rhythm of War chapter 25 epigraph#
- ↑ Arcanum Unbounded - The Scadrian System#
- ↑ Alloy of Law Milton Keynes signing
— Arcanum - 2011-11-21# - ↑ a b Oathbringer chapter 68#
- ↑ a b Prague Signing
— Arcanum - 2019-10-26# - ↑ a b Stuttgart signing
— Arcanum - 2019-05-17# - ↑ a b Prague Signing
— Arcanum - 2019-10-26# - ↑ The Way of Kings chapter 23 epigraph#
- ↑ Oathbringer chapter 41 epigraph#
- ↑ Words of Radiance chapter 55#
- ↑ General Signed Books 2011
— Arcanum - 2011-11-08# - ↑ Idaho Falls signing 2014
— Arcanum - 2014-11-29# - ↑ Rhythm of War chapter 27 epigraph#
- ↑ Shadows of Self release party
— Arcanum - 2015-10-05# - ↑ Oathbringer signing Portland
— Arcanum - 2017-11-16# - ↑ Trell (Trellism)#Theories & Speculation#
- ↑ a b Oathbringer chapter 16#
- ↑ The Hero of Ages chapter 4 epigraph#
- ↑ General Reddit 2020
— Arcanum - 2020-07-31# - ↑ The Hero of Ages chapter 17 epigraph#
- ↑ Oathbringer London signing
— Arcanum - 2017-11-28# - ↑ Mistborn: Secret History part 2 chapter 3#
- ↑ West Jordan signing
— Arcanum - 2011-12-15# - ↑ The Way of Kings chapter 21 epigraph#
- ↑ Ancient 17S Q&A
— Arcanum - 2010-05-01# - ↑ Phoenix Comicon 2013
— Arcanum - 2013-05-24# - ↑ a b Oathbringer chapter 57#
- ↑ The Hero of Ages chapter 48#
- ↑ a b Oathbringer chapter 114#
- ↑ Oathbringer chapter 115#
- ↑ Mistborn: Secret History part 1 chapter 1#
- ↑ Barnes and Noble Book Club Q&A
— Arcanum - 2009-07-08# - ↑ a b c d The Way of Kings chapter 75#
- ↑ a b Oathbringer chapter 108#
- ↑ a b Prague Signing
— Arcanum - 2019-10-26# - ↑ a b General Reddit 2016
— Arcanum - 2016-11-28# - ↑ /r/Cosmere
— Arcanum - 2018-03-18# - ↑ Oathbringer chapter 50 epigraph#
- ↑ a b Starsight Release Party
— Arcanum - 2019-11-26# - ↑ Starsight Release Party
— Arcanum - 2019-11-26# - ↑ Oathbringer signing London
— Arcanum - 2017-11-28# - ↑ Orem signing
— Arcanum - 2017-12-21# - ↑ Shadows of Self release party
— Arcanum - 2015-10-05# - ↑ Shadows of Self Denver signing
— Arcanum - 2015-10-06# - ↑ Arcanum Unbounded Seattle signing
— Arcanum - 2016-12-01# - ↑ /r/fantasy AMA 2011
— Arcanum - 2011-08-31# - ↑ Hero of Ages Q&A - Time Waster's Guide
— Arcanum - 2008-10-15# - ↑ Oathbringer chapter 122#
- ↑ Tor.com Q&A with Brandon Sanderson
— Arcanum - 2011-01-10# - ↑ Oathbringer chapter 91#
- ↑ Arcanum Unbounded - The Drominad System#
- ↑ Vericon 2011
— Arcanum - 2011-03-19# - ↑ Goodreads Fantasy Book Discussion Warbreaker Q&A
— Arcanum - 2010-01-18# - ↑ Vericon 2011
— Arcanum - 2011-03-19# - ↑ West Jordan signing
— Arcanum - 2011-08-04# - ↑ /r/Stormlight_Archive
— Arcanum - 2013-03-11# - ↑ Writing for Charity Conference
— Arcanum - 2012-03-17# - ↑ Goodreads Fantasy Book Discussion Warbreaker Q&A
— Arcanum - 2010-01-18# - ↑ Steelheart Chicago signing
— Arcanum - 2013-10-05# - ↑ General Reddit 2020
— Arcanum - 2020-09-30# - ↑ JordanCon 2018
— Arcanum - 2018-04-22# - ↑ Shadows of Self London UK signing
— Arcanum - 2015-10-19#